Theme 3 — What each label means

What the graphic actually asserts

Packaging marks squeeze complex claims into a small space. A symbol may identify a resin, certify a compostability test, give a sorting instruction, record a financing payment, or send the reader to a code. Those functions cannot be read off the drawing alone. Each mark sits on a chain of standards, licences, geography and legal conditions.

Each article names the mark, who governs it, what it is meant to say, what evidence or standard supports that, and where it has practical or legal effect. It then states the limits: what was not tested, what depends on local infrastructure, and which common readings go beyond what the scheme certifies.

Read across the groups, the articles also show how different systems split responsibility between the pack surface, the scheme owner, local collection, and the person making the claim.